10th Edition Of Systema Naturae on:
[Wikipedia]
[Google]
[Amazon]
The 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'' is a book written by Swedish naturalist
During Linnaeus' lifetime, ''Systema Naturae'' was under continuous revision. Progress was incorporated into new and ever-expanding editions; for example, in his 1st edition (1735),
Linnaeus described mammals as: "Animals that suckle their young by means of lactiferous teats. In external and internal structure they resemble man: most of them are quadrupeds; and with man, their natural enemy, inhabit the surface of the Earth. The largest, though fewest in number, inhabit the ocean."
Linnaeus divided the mammals based upon the number, situation, and structure of their teeth, into the following orders and genera:
*Primates: ''
Linnaeus described
Linnaeus described his "Amphibia" (comprising reptiles and amphibians) as: "Animals that are distinguished by a body cold and generally naked; stern and expressive countenance; harsh voice; mostly lurid color; filthy odor; a few are furnished with a horrid poison; all have cartilaginous bones, slow circulation, exquisite sight and hearing, large pulmonary vessels, lobate liver, oblong thick stomach, and cystic, hepatic, and pancreatic ducts: they are deficient in diaphragm, do not transpire (sweat), can live a long time without food, are tenacious of life, and have the power of reproducing parts which have been destroyed or lost; some undergo a metamorphosis; some cast (shed) their skin; some appear to live promiscuously on land or in the water, and some are torpid during the winter."
Linnaeus divided the amphibians based upon the limb structures and the way they breathed, into the following orders and genera:
*Reptiles: ''Testudo'' (turtles & tortoises), ''Draco'' (Draco (genus), gliding lizards), ''Lacerta'' (Lizard, terrestrial lizards, salamanders, & crocodilians) & ''Rana'' (frogs & toads)
*Serpentes: ''Crotalus'' (rattlesnakes), ''Boa'' (Boa (genus), boas), ''Coluber'' (Coluber, racers, cobras, & typical snakes), ''Anguis'' (Anguis, slowworms & Typhlops, worm snakes), ''Amphisbaena'' (Amphisbaenia, worm lizards) & ''Coecilia'' (caecilians)
*Nantes: ''Petromyzon'' (
Linnaeus described
Linnaeus described his "Insecta" (comprising all arthropods, including insects,
Linnaeus described his "Vermes" as: "Animals of slow motion, soft substance, able to increase their bulk and restore parts which have been destroyed, extremely tenacious of life, and the inhabitants of moist places. Many of them are without a distinct head, and most of them without feet. They are principally distinguished by their tentacles (or feelers). By the Ancients they were not improperly called imperfect animals, as being destitute of ears, nose, head, eyes and legs; and are therefore totally distinct from Insects."
Linnaeus divided the "Vermes" based upon the structure of the body, into the following orders and genera:
*Intestina: ''Gordius'' (Nematomorpha, horsehair worms), ''Furia'', ''Lumbricus'' (earthworms), ''Ascaris'' (Ascaris, giant intestinal roundworms), ''Fasciola'' (liver flukes), ''Hirudo'' (leeches), ''Myxine'' (hagfishes), ''Teredo'' (shipworms)
*Mollusca: ''Limax'' (Slug, terrestrial slugs), ''Doris'' (Doris (gastropod), dorid nudibranchs), ''Tethys'' (Tethydidae, tethydid sea slugs), ''Nereis'' (Nereis, polychaete worms), ''Aphrodita'' (Sea mouse, sea mice), ''Lernaea'' (Lernaea, anchor worms), ''Priapus'' (Priapulida, priapulid worms & sea anemones), ''Scyllaea'' (Scyllaeidae, scyllaeid sea slugs), ''Holothuria'' (salps & Portuguese Man o' War), ''Triton'' (Triton (gastropod), triton shells), ''Sepia'' (octopuses, squids, & cuttlefishes), ''Medusa'' (jellyfishes), ''Asterias'' (starfishes), ''Echinus'' (sea urchins)
*Testacea: ''Chiton'' (chitons), ''Lepas'' (barnacles), ''Pholas'' (Pholadidae, piddocks & angelwings), ''Myes'' (Myidae, soft-shell clams), ''Solen'' (Solenidae, saltwater clams), ''Tellina'' (Tellinidae, tellinid shellfishes), ''Cardium'' (Cockle (bivalve), cockles), ''Donax'' (Donacidae, wedge shells), ''Venus'' (Veneridae, Venus clams), ''Spondylus'' (Spondylus, thorny oysters), ''Chama'' (Chamidae, jewel box shells), ''Arca'' (ark clams), ''Ostrea'' (Ostreidae, true oysters), ''Anomia'' (Anomiidae, saddle oysters), ''Mytilus'' (Mytilidae, saltwater mussels), ''Pinna'' (Pinnidae, pen shells), ''Argonauta'' (Argonaut (animal), paper nautiluses), ''Nautilus'' (nautiluses), ''Conus'' (Conus, cone snails), ''Cypraea'' (Cypraeidae, cowries), ''Bulla'' (Bulla (gastropod), bubble shells), ''Voluta'' (Volutidae, volutes), ''Buccinum'' (Buccinidae, true whelks), ''Strombus'' (Strombidae, true conches), ''Murex'' (Muricidae, murex snails), ''Trochus'' (Trochidae, top snails), ''Turbo'' (Turbinidae, turban snails), ''Helix'' (Helicidae, terrestrial snails), ''Neritha'' (Neritidae, nerites), ''Haliotis'' (abalones), ''Patella'' (Patellidae, true limpets and brachiopods), ''Dentalium'' (tusk shells), ''Serpula'' (Serpulidae, serpulid worms)
*Lithophyta: ''Tubipora'' (organ pipe corals), ''Millepora'' (fire corals), ''Madrepora'' (Scleractinia, stone corals)
*Zoophyta: ''Isis'' (Alcyonacea, soft corals), ''Gorgonia'' (Gorgonian, sea fans), ''Alcyonium'' (tunicates), ''Tubularia'' (Tubularia), ''Eschara'' (Bryozoa), ''Corallina'' (coralline algae), ''Sertularia'' (Bryozoa), ''Hydra (genus), Hydra'', ''Pennatula'' (sea pens), ''Taenia'' (tapeworms), ''Volvox''
*''Adiantum aethiopicum''
*''Allionia incarnata''
*''Alyssum alyssoides''
*''Amaranthus albus''
*''Amaranthus cruentus''
*''Amaranthus gangeticus''
*''Amyris elemifera''
*''Anacamptis papilionacea''
*''Anacamptis sancta''
*''Apocynum androsaemifolium''
*''Arbutus andrachne''
*''Batis maritima''
*''Brassia caudata''
*''Bucida buceras''
*''Calycanthus floridus''
*''Campanula barbata''
*''Carex capitata''
*''Carex distans''
*''Carpobrotus edulis''
*''Catharanthus roseus''
*''Cecropia peltata''
*''Cedrela odorata''
*''Chromolaena odorata''
*''Chrysophyllum oliviforme''
*''Cissus sicyoides''
*''Coccoloba pubescens''
*''Coccoloba uvifera''
*''Cochlearia anglica''
*''Coilostylis ciliaris''
*''Cordyline fruticosa''
*''Croton glandulosus''
*''Cunila mariana''
*''Cunonia capensis''
*''Desmostachya bipinnata''
*''Dorstenia drakena''
*''Echinochloa colona''
*''Equisetum giganteum''
*''Excoecaria agallocha''
*''Genipa americana''
*''Geranium pusillum''
*''Goldenseal, Hydrastis canadensis''
*''Grias cauliflora''
*''Halesia carolina''
*''Heliotropium arborescens''
*''Heliotropium arborescens''
*''Hibiscus cannabinus''
*''Holcus mollis''
*''Illicium anisatum''
*''Inula spiraeifolia''
*''Ipomoea hederifolia''
*''Juglans cinerea''
*''Krameria ixine''
*''Lactuca canadensis''
*''Lagerstroemia indica''
*''Lamium orvala''
*''Lecythis ollaria''
*''Magnolia acuminata''
*''Magnolia grandiflora''
*''Magnolia tripetala''
*''Mucuna pruriens''
*''Oenothera perennis''
*''Paeonia tenuifolia''
*''Paspalum distichum''
*''Passiflora quadrangularis''
*''Pectis ciliaris''
*''Pectis linifolia''
*''Pedalium, Pedalium murex''
*''Persicaria perfoliata''
*''Phytolacca icosandra''
*''Poa palustris''
*''Polemonium reptans''
*''Polycarpon tetraphyllum''
*''Portlandia grandiflora''
*''Ranunculus parviflorus''
*''Reseda odorata''
*''Rheum palmatum''
*''Rosa pimpinellifolia''
*''Sagittaria lancifolia''
*''Salix retusa''
*''Saxifraga cuneifolia''
*''Scabiosa prolifera''
*''Sesuvium portulacastrum''
*''Silphium perfoliatum''
*''Talinum fruticosum''
*''Triplaris americana''
*''Tripsacum dactyloides''
*''Turbina corymbosa''
*''Ursinia anthemoides''
*''Veronica austriaca''
*''Zinnia peruviana''
The original 1758 ''Systema Naturae''
at the Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL).
Linnaeus 1758 Classification of Animals on the ''Taxonomicon''
{{Authority control Systema Naturae Lists of animals 1758 books Botany books
The 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'' is a book written by Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his Nobility#Ennoblement, ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalise ...
and published in two volumes in 1758 and 1759, which marks the starting point of zoological nomenclature
The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) is a widely accepted convention in zoology that rules the formal scientific naming of organisms treated as animals. It is also informally known as the ICZN Code, for its publisher, the In ...
. In it, Linnaeus introduced binomial nomenclature
In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, bot ...
for animal
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the Kingdom (biology), biological kingdom Animalia. With few exceptions, animals Heterotroph, consume organic material, Cellular respiration#Aerobic respiration, breathe oxygen, are Motilit ...
s, something he had already done for plants in his 1753 publication of '' Species Plantarum''.
Starting point
Before 1758, most biological catalogues had used polynomial names for the taxa included, including earlier editions of ''Systema Naturae''. The first work to consistently apply binomial nomenclature across the animal kingdom was the 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae''. The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature therefore chose 1 January 1758 as the "starting point" for zoological nomenclature, and asserted that the 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'' was to be treated as if published on that date. Names published before that date are unavailable, even if they would otherwise satisfy the rules. The only work which takes priority over the 10th edition isCarl Alexander Clerck
Carl Alexander Clerck (1709 – 22 July 1765) was a Swedish entomologist and arachnologist.
Clerck came from a family in the petty nobility and entered the University of Uppsala in 1726. Little is known of his studies; although a contemporary of ...
's ' or ', which was published in 1757, but is also to be treated as if published on January 1, 1758.
Revisions
During Linnaeus' lifetime, ''Systema Naturae'' was under continuous revision. Progress was incorporated into new and ever-expanding editions; for example, in his 1st edition (1735), whale
Whales are a widely distributed and diverse group of fully aquatic placental marine mammals. As an informal and colloquial grouping, they correspond to large members of the infraorder Cetacea, i.e. all cetaceans apart from dolphins and ...
s and manatee
Manatees (family Trichechidae, genus ''Trichechus'') are large, fully aquatic, mostly herbivorous marine mammals sometimes known as sea cows. There are three accepted living species of Trichechidae, representing three of the four living speci ...
s were originally classified as species of fish
Fish are aquatic, craniate, gill-bearing animals that lack limbs with digits. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish as well as various extinct related groups. Approximately 95% of ...
(as was thought to be the case then), but in the 10th edition they were moved into the mammal class.
Animals
The animal kingdom (as described by Linnaeus): "Animals enjoy sensation by means of a living organization, animated by a medullary substance; perception by nerves; and motion by the exertion of the will. They have members for the different purposes of life; organs for their different senses; and faculties (or powers) for the application of their different perceptions. They all originate from an egg. Their external and internal structure; their comparative anatomy, habits, instincts, and various relations to each other, are detailed in authors who professedly treat on their subjects." The list has been broken down into the original six classes Linnaeus described for animals; Mammalia, Aves, Amphibia, Pisces, Insecta, and Vermes. These classes were ultimately created by studying the internal anatomy, as seen in his key: *Heart with two auricles, two ventricles. Warm, red blood **Viviparous:Mammalia
Mammals () are a group of vertebrate animals constituting the class Mammalia (), characterized by the presence of mammary glands which in females produce milk for feeding (nursing) their young, a neocortex (a region of the brain), fur o ...
**Oviparous: Aves
*Heart with one auricle, one ventricle. Cold, red blood
**Lungs voluntary: Amphibia
Amphibians are four-limbed and ectothermic vertebrates of the class Amphibia. All living amphibians belong to the group Lissamphibia. They inhabit a wide variety of habitats, with most species living within terrestrial, fossorial, arbor ...
**External gills: Pisces
Pisces may refer to:
* Pisces, an obsolete (because of land vertebrates) taxonomic superclass including all fish
* Pisces (astrology), an astrological sign
* Pisces (constellation), a constellation
**Pisces Overdensity, an overdensity of stars in ...
*Heart with one auricle, no ventricles. Cold, pus-like blood
**Have antennae: Insecta
Insects (from Latin ') are pancrustacean hexapod invertebrates of the class Insecta. They are the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs o ...
**Have tentacles: Vermes
Vermes ("worms") is an obsolete taxon used by Carl Linnaeus and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck for non-arthropod invertebrate animals.
Linnaeus
In Linnaeus's ''Systema Naturae'', the Vermes had the rank of class, occupying the 6th (and last) slot of hi ...
By current standards Pisces and Vermes are informal groupings, Insecta also contained arachnid
Arachnida () is a class of joint-legged invertebrate animals (arthropods), in the subphylum Chelicerata. Arachnida includes, among others, spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, pseudoscorpions, harvestmen, camel spiders, whip spiders and vinegar ...
s and crustacean
Crustaceans (Crustacea, ) form a large, diverse arthropod taxon which includes such animals as decapods, seed shrimp, branchiopods, fish lice, krill, remipedes, isopods, barnacles, copepods, amphipods and mantis shrimp. The crustacean group can ...
s, and one order of Amphibia comprised shark
Sharks are a group of elasmobranch fish characterized by a cartilaginous skeleton, five to seven gill slits on the sides of the head, and pectoral fins that are not fused to the head. Modern sharks are classified within the clade Selachi ...
s, lamprey
Lampreys (sometimes inaccurately called lamprey eels) are an ancient extant lineage of jawless fish of the order Petromyzontiformes , placed in the superclass Cyclostomata. The adult lamprey may be characterized by a toothed, funnel-like s ...
s, and sturgeons.
Mammalia
Linnaeus described mammals as: "Animals that suckle their young by means of lactiferous teats. In external and internal structure they resemble man: most of them are quadrupeds; and with man, their natural enemy, inhabit the surface of the Earth. The largest, though fewest in number, inhabit the ocean."
Linnaeus divided the mammals based upon the number, situation, and structure of their teeth, into the following orders and genera:
*Primates: ''Homo
''Homo'' () is the genus that emerged in the (otherwise extinct) genus '' Australopithecus'' that encompasses the extant species ''Homo sapiens'' ( modern humans), plus several extinct species classified as either ancestral to or closely relat ...
'' (human
Humans (''Homo sapiens'') are the most abundant and widespread species of primate, characterized by bipedalism and exceptional cognitive skills due to a large and complex brain. This has enabled the development of advanced tools, cultu ...
s), ''Simia'' ( monkeys & ape
Apes (collectively Hominoidea ) are a clade of Old World simians native to sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia (though they were more widespread in Africa, most of Asia, and as well as Europe in prehistory), which together with its sister g ...
s), ''Lemur'' (lemur
Lemurs ( ) (from Latin ''lemures'' – ghosts or spirits) are wet-nosed primates of the superfamily Lemuroidea (), divided into 8 families and consisting of 15 genera and around 100 existing species. They are endemic to the island of Madagas ...
s & colugo
Colugos () are arboreal gliding mammals that are native to Southeast Asia. Their closest evolutionary relatives are primates. There are just two living species of colugos: the Sunda flying lemur (''Galeopterus variegatus'') and the Philippine fly ...
s) & ''Vespertilio'' (bat
Bats are mammals of the order Chiroptera.''cheir'', "hand" and πτερόν''pteron'', "wing". With their forelimbs adapted as wings, they are the only mammals capable of true and sustained flight. Bats are more agile in flight than most ...
s)
*Bruta: ''Elephas'' (elephant
Elephants are the largest existing land animals. Three living species are currently recognised: the African bush elephant, the African forest elephant, and the Asian elephant. They are the only surviving members of the family Elephantidae ...
s), ''Trichechus'' (manatee
Manatees (family Trichechidae, genus ''Trichechus'') are large, fully aquatic, mostly herbivorous marine mammals sometimes known as sea cows. There are three accepted living species of Trichechidae, representing three of the four living speci ...
s), ''Bradypus'' (sloth
Sloths are a group of Neotropical xenarthran mammals constituting the suborder Folivora, including the extant arboreal tree sloths and extinct terrestrial ground sloths. Noted for their slowness of movement, tree sloths spend most of their l ...
s), ''Myrmecophaga'' ( anteaters) & ''Manis'' ( pangolins)
*Ferae: ''Phoca'' (seal
Seal may refer to any of the following:
Common uses
* Pinniped, a diverse group of semi-aquatic marine mammals, many of which are commonly called seals, particularly:
** Earless seal, or "true seal"
** Fur seal
* Seal (emblem), a device to imp ...
s), ''Canis'' (dog
The dog (''Canis familiaris'' or ''Canis lupus familiaris'') is a domesticated descendant of the wolf. Also called the domestic dog, it is derived from the extinct Pleistocene wolf, and the modern wolf is the dog's nearest living relative. Do ...
s & hyenas), ''Felis'' (cat
The cat (''Felis catus'') is a domestic species of small carnivorous mammal. It is the only domesticated species in the family Felidae and is commonly referred to as the domestic cat or house cat to distinguish it from the wild members of ...
s), ''Viverra'' (mongoose
A mongoose is a small terrestrial carnivorous mammal belonging to the family Herpestidae. This family is currently split into two subfamilies, the Herpestinae and the Mungotinae. The Herpestinae comprises 23 living species that are native to so ...
s & civet
A civet () is a small, lean, mostly nocturnal mammal native to tropical Asia and Africa, especially the tropical forests. The term civet applies to over a dozen different species, mostly from the family Viverridae. Most of the species diversit ...
s), ''Mustela'' (weasel
Weasels are mammals of the genus ''Mustela'' of the family Mustelidae. The genus ''Mustela'' includes the least weasels, polecats, stoats, ferrets and European mink. Members of this genus are small, active predators, with long and slender b ...
s & kin) & ''Ursus'' ( bears)
*Bestiae: ''Sus'' (pig
The pig (''Sus domesticus''), often called swine, hog, or domestic pig when distinguishing from other members of the genus '' Sus'', is an omnivorous, domesticated, even-toed, hoofed mammal. It is variously considered a subspecies of ''Sus ...
s), ''Dasypus'' ( armadillos), ''Erinaceus'' (hedgehog
A hedgehog is a spiny mammal of the subfamily Erinaceinae, in the eulipotyphlan family Erinaceidae. There are seventeen species of hedgehog in five genera found throughout parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa, and in New Zealand by introductio ...
s), ''Talpa'' (mole
Mole (or Molé) may refer to:
Animals
* Mole (animal) or "true mole", mammals in the family Talpidae, found in Eurasia and North America
* Golden moles, southern African mammals in the family Chrysochloridae, similar to but unrelated to Talpida ...
s), ''Sorex'' (shrew
Shrews (family Soricidae) are small mole-like mammals classified in the order Eulipotyphla. True shrews are not to be confused with treeshrews, otter shrews, elephant shrews, West Indies shrews, or marsupial shrews, which belong to differ ...
s) & ''Didelphis'' ( opossums)
*Glires: ''Rhinoceros'' (rhinoceros
A rhinoceros (; ; ), commonly abbreviated to rhino, is a member of any of the five extant species (or numerous extinct species) of odd-toed ungulates in the family Rhinocerotidae. (It can also refer to a member of any of the extinct species ...
es), ''Hystrix'' ( porcupines), ''Lepus'' ( rabbits & hares), ''Castor'' ( beavers), ''Mus'' ( mice & kin) & ''Sciurus'' ( squirrels)
*Pecora: ''Camelus'' ( camels), ''Moschus'' ( musk deer), ''Cervus'' (deer
Deer or true deer are hoofed ruminant mammals forming the family Cervidae. The two main groups of deer are the Cervinae, including the muntjac, the elk (wapiti), the red deer, and the fallow deer; and the Capreolinae, including the re ...
& giraffes), ''Capra'' (goat
The goat or domestic goat (''Capra hircus'') is a domesticated species of goat-antelope typically kept as livestock. It was domesticated from the wild goat (''C. aegagrus'') of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe. The goat is a member of the a ...
s & antelope), ''Ovis'' (sheep
Sheep or domestic sheep (''Ovis aries'') are domesticated, ruminant mammals typically kept as livestock. Although the term ''sheep'' can apply to other species in the genus '' Ovis'', in everyday usage it almost always refers to domesticated ...
) & ''Bos'' (cattle
Cattle (''Bos taurus'') are large, domesticated, cloven-hooved, herbivores. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae and the most widespread species of the genus ''Bos''. Adult females are referred to as cows and adult ma ...
)
*Belluae: ''Equus'' (horse
The horse (''Equus ferus caballus'') is a domesticated, one-toed, hoofed mammal. It belongs to the taxonomic family Equidae and is one of two extant subspecies of ''Equus ferus''. The horse has evolved over the past 45 to 55 million yea ...
s) & ''Hippopotamus'' (hippopotamus
The hippopotamus ( ; : hippopotamuses or hippopotami; ''Hippopotamus amphibius''), also called the hippo, common hippopotamus, or river hippopotamus, is a large semiaquatic mammal native to sub-Saharan Africa. It is one of only two extan ...
es)
*Cete: ''Monodon'' ( narwhals), ''Balaena'' ( rorquals), ''Physeter'' ( sperm whales) & ''Delphinus'' (dolphin
A dolphin is an aquatic mammal within the infraorder Cetacea. Dolphin species belong to the families Delphinidae (the oceanic dolphins), Platanistidae (the Indian river dolphins), Iniidae (the New World river dolphins), Pontoporiidae (the ...
s & porpoises)
Aves
Linnaeus described bird
Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweig ...
s as: "A beautiful and cheerful portion of created nature consisting of animals having a body covered with feathers and down; protracted and naked jaws (the beak), two wings formed for flight, and two feet. They are areal, vocal, swift and light, and destitute of external ears, lips, teeth, scrotum, womb, bladder, epiglottis, corpus callosum and its arch, and diaphragm."
Linnaeus divided the birds based upon the characters of the bill and feet, into the following 6 orders and 63 genera:
*Accipitres: ''Vultur'' (vulture
A vulture is a bird of prey that scavenges on carrion. There are 23 extant species of vulture (including Condors). Old World vultures include 16 living species native to Europe, Africa, and Asia; New World vultures are restricted to North and ...
s & condor
Condor is the common name for two species of New World vultures, each in a monotypic genus. The name derives from the Quechua ''kuntur''. They are the largest flying land birds in the Western Hemisphere.
They are:
* The Andean condor (''Vu ...
s), ''Falco'' (falcon
Falcons () are birds of prey in the genus ''Falco'', which includes about 40 species. Falcons are widely distributed on all continents of the world except Antarctica, though closely related raptors did occur there in the Eocene.
Adult falcons ...
s, eagle
Eagle is the common name for many large birds of prey of the family Accipitridae. Eagles belong to several groups of genera, some of which are closely related. Most of the 68 species of eagle are from Eurasia and Africa. Outside this area, j ...
s, & kin), ''Strix'' (owl
Owls are birds from the order Strigiformes (), which includes over 200 species of mostly solitary and nocturnal birds of prey typified by an upright stance, a large, broad head, binocular vision, binaural hearing, sharp talons, and feathers a ...
s) & ''Lanius'' (shrikes
Shrikes () are passerine birds of the family Laniidae. The family is composed of 34 species in four genera.
The family name, and that of the largest genus, ''Lanius'', is derived from the Latin word for "butcher", and some shrikes are also know ...
)
*Picae: ''Psittacus'' (parrot
Parrots, also known as psittacines (), are birds of the roughly 398 species in 92 genera comprising the order Psittaciformes (), found mostly in tropical and subtropical regions. The order is subdivided into three superfamilies: the Psittacoide ...
s), ''Ramphastos'' (toucan
Toucans (, ) are members of the Neotropical near passerine bird family Ramphastidae. The Ramphastidae are most closely related to the American barbets. They are brightly marked and have large, often colorful bills. The family includes five g ...
s), ''Buceros'' ( hornbills), ''Crotophaga'' ( anis), ''Corvus'' (crow
A crow is a bird of the genus '' Corvus'', or more broadly a synonym for all of ''Corvus''. Crows are generally black in colour. The word "crow" is used as part of the common name of many species. The related term "raven" is not pinned scientifica ...
s & ravens), ''Coracias'' ( rollers & orioles
Oriole or Orioles may refer to:
Animals
* Old World oriole, colorful passerine birds in the family Oriolidae
* New World oriole, a group of birds in the family Icteridae
Music
* The Orioles, an R&B and doo-wop group of the late 1940s and earl ...
), ''Gracula'' (myna
The myna (; also spelled mynah) is a bird of the starling family (Sturnidae). This is a group of passerine birds which are native to southern Asia, especially India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Several species have been introduced to areas like ...
s), ''Paradisea'' (birds-of-paradise
The birds-of-paradise are members of the family Paradisaeidae of the order Passeriformes. The majority of species are found in eastern Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and eastern Australia. The family has 44 species in 17 genera. The members of ...
), ''Cuculus'' (cuckoo
Cuckoos are birds in the Cuculidae family, the sole taxon in the order Cuculiformes . The cuckoo family includes the common or European cuckoo, roadrunners, koels, malkohas, couas, coucals and anis. The coucals and anis are sometimes separ ...
s), ''Jynx'' (wryneck
The wrynecks (genus ''Jynx'') are a small but distinctive group of small Old World woodpeckers. ''Jynx'' is from the Ancient Greek ''iunx'', the Eurasian wryneck.
These birds get their English name from their ability to turn their heads almos ...
s), ''Picus'' (woodpecker
Woodpeckers are part of the bird family Picidae, which also includes the piculets, wrynecks, and sapsuckers. Members of this family are found worldwide, except for Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, Madagascar, and the extreme polar regions. ...
s), ''Sitta'' (nuthatch
The nuthatches () constitute a genus, ''Sitta'', of small passerine birds belonging to the family Sittidae. Characterised by large heads, short tails, and powerful bills and feet, nuthatches advertise their territory using loud, simple songs. M ...
es), ''Alcedo'' (kingfisher
Kingfishers are a family, the Alcedinidae, of small to medium-sized, brightly colored birds in the order Coraciiformes. They have a cosmopolitan distribution, with most species found in the tropical regions of Africa, Asia, and Oceania, ...
s), ''Merops'' (bee-eaters
The bee-eaters are a group of non-passerine birds in the family Meropidae, containing three genera and thirty species. Most species are found in Africa and Asia, with a few in southern Europe, Australia, and New Guinea. They are characterised by ...
), ''Upupa'' (hoopoe
Hoopoes () are colourful birds found across Africa, Asia, and Europe, notable for their distinctive "crown" of feathers. Three living and one extinct species are recognized, though for many years all of the extant species were lumped as a single ...
s), ''Certhia'' (treecreepers
The treecreepers are a family, Certhiidae, of small passerine birds, widespread in wooded regions of the Northern Hemisphere and sub-Saharan Africa. The family contains eleven species in two genera, ''Certhia'' and ''Salpornis''. Their plumage ...
) & ''Trochilus'' ( hummingbirds)
*Anseres: ''Anas'' (duck
Duck is the common name for numerous species of waterfowl in the family Anatidae. Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than swans and geese, which are members of the same family. Divided among several subfamilies, they are a form ...
s, geese
A goose ( : geese) is a bird of any of several waterfowl species in the family Anatidae. This group comprises the genera '' Anser'' (the grey geese and white geese) and ''Branta'' (the black geese). Some other birds, mostly related to the she ...
, & swans), ''Mergus'' ( mergansers), ''Alca'' (auk
An auk or alcid is a bird of the family Alcidae in the order Charadriiformes. The alcid family includes the murres, guillemots, auklets, puffins, and murrelets. The word "auk" is derived from Icelandic ''álka'', from Old Norse ''alka'' (a ...
s & puffins), ''Procellaria'' (petrel
Petrels are tube-nosed seabirds in the bird order Procellariiformes.
Description
The common name does not indicate relationship beyond that point, as "petrels" occur in three of the four families within that group (all except the albatross f ...
s), ''Diomedea'' ( albatrosses & penguins), ''Pelecanus'' ( pelicans & kin), ''Phaethon'' (tropicbird
Tropicbirds are a family, Phaethontidae, of tropical pelagic seabirds. They are the sole living representatives of the order Phaethontiformes. For many years they were considered part of the Pelecaniformes, but genetics indicates they are most cl ...
s), ''Colymbus'' (grebe
Grebes () are aquatic diving birds in the order Podicipediformes . Grebes are widely distributed freshwater birds, with some species also found in marine habitats during migration and winter. Some flightless species exist as well, most notably ...
s & loons), ''Larus'' (gull
Gulls, or colloquially seagulls, are seabirds of the family Laridae in the suborder Lari. They are most closely related to the terns and skimmers and only distantly related to auks, and even more distantly to waders. Until the 21st century ...
s), ''Sterna'' (tern
Terns are seabirds in the family Laridae that have a worldwide distribution and are normally found near the sea, rivers, or wetlands. Terns are treated as a subgroup of the family Laridae which includes gulls and skimmers and consists of e ...
s) & ''Rhyncops'' ( skimmers)
*Grallae: ''Phoenicopterus'' (flamingo
Flamingos or flamingoes are a type of wading bird in the family Phoenicopteridae, which is the only extant family in the order Phoenicopteriformes. There are four flamingo species distributed throughout the Americas (including the Caribbea ...
es), ''Platalea'' ( spoonbills), ''Mycteria'' & ''Tantulus'' ( storks), ''Ardea'' ( herons, cranes, & kin), ''Scolopax'' (godwit
The godwits are a group of large, long-billed, long-legged and strongly migratory waders of the bird genus ''Limosa''. Their long bills allow them to probe deeply in the sand for aquatic worms and molluscs. In their winter range, they floc ...
s, ibis
The ibises () (collective plural ibis; classical plurals ibides and ibes) are a group of long-legged wading birds in the family Threskiornithidae, that inhabit wetlands, forests and plains. "Ibis" derives from the Latin and Ancient Greek word ...
es, & kin), ''Tringa'' (phalarope
__NOTOC__
A phalarope is any of three living species of slender-necked shorebirds in the genus ''Phalaropus'' of the bird family Scolopacidae.
Phalaropes are close relatives of the shanks and tattlers, the ''Actitis'' and Terek sandpipers, a ...
s and sandpiper
Sandpipers are a large family, Scolopacidae, of waders. They include many species called sandpipers, as well as those called by names such as curlew and snipe. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil ...
s), ''Charadrius'' (plover
Plovers ( , ) are a widely distributed group of wading birds belonging to the subfamily Charadriinae.
Description
There are about 66 species in the subfamily, most of them called "plover" or "dotterel". The closely related lapwing subf ...
s), ''Recurvirostra'' (avocet
The four species of avocets are a genus, ''Recurvirostra'', of waders in the same avian family as the stilts. The genus name comes from Latin , 'curved backwards' and , 'bill'. The common name is thought to derive from the Italian ( Ferrarese) ...
s), ''Haematopus'' (oystercatcher
The oystercatchers are a group of waders forming the family Haematopodidae, which has a single genus, ''Haematopus''. They are found on coasts worldwide apart from the polar regions and some tropical regions of Africa and South East Asia. The ...
s), ''Fulica'' (coot
Coots are medium-sized water birds that are members of the rail family, Rallidae. They constitute the genus ''Fulica'', the name being the Latin term for "coot". Coots have predominantly black plumage, and—unlike many rails—they are usually ...
s & kin), ''Rallus'' (rails
Rail or rails may refer to:
Rail transport
*Rail transport and related matters
*Rail (rail transport) or railway lines, the running surface of a railway
Arts and media Film
* ''Rails'' (film), a 1929 Italian film by Mario Camerini
* ''Rail'' ( ...
), ''Psophia'' ( trumpeters), ''Otis'' (bustard
Bustards, including floricans and korhaans, are large, terrestrial birds living mainly in dry grassland areas and on the steppes of the Old World. They range in length from . They make up the family Otididae (, formerly known as Otidae). Bustar ...
s) & ''Struthio'' (ostrich
Ostriches are large flightless birds of the genus ''Struthio'' in the order Struthioniformes, part of the infra-class Palaeognathae, a diverse group of flightless birds also known as ratites that includes the emus, rheas, and kiwis. There ...
es)
*Gallinae: ''Pavo'' (peafowl
Peafowl is a common name for three bird species in the genera '' Pavo'' and '' Afropavo'' within the tribe Pavonini of the family Phasianidae, the pheasants and their allies. Male peafowl are referred to as peacocks, and female peafowl are ref ...
), ''Meleagris'' (turkeys
The turkey is a large bird in the genus ''Meleagris'', native to North America. There are two extant turkey species: the wild turkey (''Meleagris gallopavo'') of eastern and central North America and the ocellated turkey (''Meleagris ocellat ...
), ''Crax'' ( curassows), ''Phasianus'' (pheasant
Pheasants ( ) are birds of several genera within the family Phasianidae in the order Galliformes. Although they can be found all over the world in introduced (and captive) populations, the pheasant genera native range is restricted to Eurasia ...
s & chicken
The chicken (''Gallus gallus domesticus'') is a domesticated junglefowl species, with attributes of wild species such as the grey and the Ceylon junglefowl that are originally from Southeastern Asia. Rooster or cock is a term for an adu ...
s) & ''Tetrao'' (grouse
Grouse are a group of birds from the order Galliformes, in the family Phasianidae. Grouse are presently assigned to the tribe Tetraonini (formerly the subfamily Tetraoninae and the family Tetraonidae), a classification supported by mitochondria ...
& kin)
*Passeres: ''Columba'' (pigeon
Columbidae () is a bird family consisting of doves and pigeons. It is the only family in the order Columbiformes. These are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills that in some species feature fleshy ceres. They primarily ...
s & dove
Columbidae () is a bird family consisting of doves and pigeons. It is the only family in the order Columbiformes. These are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills that in some species feature fleshy ceres. They primarily ...
s), ''Alauda'' (larks & pipits), ''Sturnus'' (starlings), ''Turdus'' (thrush (bird), thrushes), ''Loxia'' (Cardinal (bird), cardinals, Pyrrhula, bullfinches, & kin), ''Emberiza'' (bunting (bird), buntings), ''Fringilla'' (finches), ''Motacilla'' (wagtails), ''Parus'' (Tit (bird), tits & Tit (bird), chickadees), ''Hirundo'' (swallows & Swift (bird), swifts) & ''Caprimulgus'' (nightjars)
Amphibia
Linnaeus described his "Amphibia" (comprising reptiles and amphibians) as: "Animals that are distinguished by a body cold and generally naked; stern and expressive countenance; harsh voice; mostly lurid color; filthy odor; a few are furnished with a horrid poison; all have cartilaginous bones, slow circulation, exquisite sight and hearing, large pulmonary vessels, lobate liver, oblong thick stomach, and cystic, hepatic, and pancreatic ducts: they are deficient in diaphragm, do not transpire (sweat), can live a long time without food, are tenacious of life, and have the power of reproducing parts which have been destroyed or lost; some undergo a metamorphosis; some cast (shed) their skin; some appear to live promiscuously on land or in the water, and some are torpid during the winter."
Linnaeus divided the amphibians based upon the limb structures and the way they breathed, into the following orders and genera:
*Reptiles: ''Testudo'' (turtles & tortoises), ''Draco'' (Draco (genus), gliding lizards), ''Lacerta'' (Lizard, terrestrial lizards, salamanders, & crocodilians) & ''Rana'' (frogs & toads)
*Serpentes: ''Crotalus'' (rattlesnakes), ''Boa'' (Boa (genus), boas), ''Coluber'' (Coluber, racers, cobras, & typical snakes), ''Anguis'' (Anguis, slowworms & Typhlops, worm snakes), ''Amphisbaena'' (Amphisbaenia, worm lizards) & ''Coecilia'' (caecilians)
*Nantes: ''Petromyzon'' (lamprey
Lampreys (sometimes inaccurately called lamprey eels) are an ancient extant lineage of jawless fish of the order Petromyzontiformes , placed in the superclass Cyclostomata. The adult lamprey may be characterized by a toothed, funnel-like s ...
s), ''Raja'' (Ray (fish), rays), ''Squalus'' (shark
Sharks are a group of elasmobranch fish characterized by a cartilaginous skeleton, five to seven gill slits on the sides of the head, and pectoral fins that are not fused to the head. Modern sharks are classified within the clade Selachi ...
s), ''Chimaera'' (ratfishes), ''Lophius'' (anglerfishes) & ''Acipenser'' ( sturgeons)
Pisces
Linnaeus described fish
Fish are aquatic, craniate, gill-bearing animals that lack limbs with digits. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish as well as various extinct related groups. Approximately 95% of ...
as: "Always inhabiting the waters; are swift in their motion and voracious in their appetites. They breathe by means of gills, which are generally united by a bony arch; swim by means of radiate fins, and are mostly covered over with cartilaginous scales. Besides they parts they have in common with other animals, they are furnished with a nictitant membrane, and most of them with a swim-bladder, by the contraction or dilatation of which, they can raise or sink themselves in their element at pleasure."
Linnaeus divided the fishes based upon the position of the ventral and pectoral fins, into the following orders and genera:
*Apodes: ''Muraena'' (eels), ''Gymnotus'' (Gymnotus, electric knifefishes), ''Trichiurus'' (cutlassfishes), ''Anarhichas'' (wolffishes), ''Ammodytes'' (Sand lance, sand eels), ''Stromateus'' (Stromateidae, butterfishes) & ''Xiphias'' (swordfishes)
*Jugulares: ''Callionymus'' (dragonets), ''Uranoscopus'' (Stargazer (fish), stargazers), ''Trachinus'' (weevers), ''Gadus'' (cod & kin) & ''Ophidion'' (Ophidiidae, cusk-wels)
*Thoracici: ''Cyclopterus'' (Lumpsucker, lumpfishes), ''Echeneis'' (remoras), ''Coryphaena'' (Coryphaenidae, dolphinfishes), ''Gobius'' (Goby, gobies), ''Cottus'' (Cottidae, sculpins), ''Scorpaena'' (Scorpaenidae, scorpionfishes), ''Zeus'' (John Dory, john dories), ''Pleuronectes'' (flatfishes), ''Chaetodon'' (butterflyfishes), ''Sparus'' (Sparidae, breams & porgies), ''Labrus'' (wrasses), ''Sciaena'' (Lutjanidae, snappers), ''Perca'' (perch), ''Gasterosteus'' (sticklebacks), ''Scomber'' (mackerel & tuna), ''Mullus'' (Mullus, goatfishes) & ''Trigla'' (sea robins)
*Abdominales: ''Cobitis'' (Cobitis, loaches), ''Silurus'' (catfishes), ''Loricaria'' (Loricariidae, suckermouth catfishes), ''Salmo'' (salmon & trout), ''Fistularia'' (cornetfishes), ''Esox'' (Esox, pike), ''Argentina'' (herring smelts), ''Atherina'' (Old World silverside, silversides), ''Mugil'' (Mullet (fish), mullet), ''Exocoetus'' (flying fishes), ''Polynemus'' (threadfins), ''Clupea'' (herring) & ''Cyprinus'' (Cyprinus, carp)
*Branchiostegi: ''Mormyrus'' (Mormyridae, elephantfishes), ''Balistes'' (triggerfishes), ''Ostracion'' (Ostraciidae, boxfishes), ''Tetrodon'' (Tetraodontidae, pufferfishes), ''Diodon'' (Diodon, porcupinefishes), ''Centriscus'' (snipefishes), ''Syngnathus'' (pipefishes & seahorses) & ''Pegasus'' (Pegasidae, seamoths)
Insecta
Linnaeus described his "Insecta" (comprising all arthropods, including insects, crustacean
Crustaceans (Crustacea, ) form a large, diverse arthropod taxon which includes such animals as decapods, seed shrimp, branchiopods, fish lice, krill, remipedes, isopods, barnacles, copepods, amphipods and mantis shrimp. The crustacean group can ...
s, arachnid
Arachnida () is a class of joint-legged invertebrate animals (arthropods), in the subphylum Chelicerata. Arachnida includes, among others, spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, pseudoscorpions, harvestmen, camel spiders, whip spiders and vinegar ...
s and others) as: "A very numerous and various class consisting of small animals, breathing through lateral spiracles, armed on all sides with a bony skin, or covered with hair; furnished with many feet, and moveable antennae (or horns), which project from the head, and are the probable instruments of sensation."
Linnaeus divided the insects based upon the form of the wings, into the following orders and genera:
*Coleoptera: ''Scarabaeus'' (Scarabaeidae, scarab beetles), ''Dermestes'' (Dermestidae, larder beetles), ''Hister'' (Histeridae, clown beetles), ''Attelabus'' (Attelabidae, leaf-rolling weevils), ''Curculio'' (Curculionidae, true weevils), ''Silpha'' (Silphidae, carrion beetles), ''Coccinella'' (Coccinellidae, ladybirds or ladybugs), ''Cassida'' (tortoise beetles), ''Chrysomela'' (leaf beetles), ''Meloe'' (blister beetles), ''Tenebrio'' (darkling beetles), ''Mordella'' (Mordellidae, tumbling flower beetles), ''Staphylinus'' (rove beetles), ''Cerambyx'' (longhorn beetles), ''Cantharis'' (soldier beetles), ''Elater'' (click beetles), ''Cicindela'' (ground beetles), ''Buprestis'' (Buprestidae, jewel beetles), ''Dytiscus'' (Dytiscidae), ''Carabus'' (''Carabus'' species), ' (Necydalinae, necydaline beetles), ''Forficula'' (earwigs), ''Blatta'' (cockroaches) & ''Gryllus'' (other orthopteroid insects)
*Hemiptera: ''Cicada'' (cicadas), ''Notonecta'' (Notonectidae, backswimmers), ''Nepa'' (Nepidae, water scorpions), ''Cimex'' (Bed bug (insect), bedbugs), ''Aphis'' (aphids), ''Chermes'' (Adelgidae, woolly aphids), ''Coccus'' (scale insects) & ''Thrips'' (thrips)
*Lepidoptera: ''Papilio'' (Butterfly, butterflies), ''Sphinx'' (Sphingidae, hawk moths), ''Phalaena'' (moths)
*Neuroptera: ''Libellula'' (Dragonfly, dragonflies & Damselfly, damselflies), ''Ephemera'' (Mayfly, mayflies), ''Phryganea'' (Caddisfly, caddisflies), ''Hemerobius'' (Neuroptera, lacewings), ''Panorpa'' (Mecoptera, scorpionflies) & ''Raphidia'' (Snakefly, snakeflies)
*Hymenoptera: ''Cynips'' (Gall wasps), ''Tenthredo'' (Sawfly, sawflies), ''Ichneumon'' (Ichneumonoidea, ichneumon wasps), ''Sphex'' (Sphex, digger wasps), ''Vespa'' (hornets), ''Apis'' (bees), ''Formica'' (ants) & ''Mutilla'' (Mutillidae, velvet ants)
*Diptera: ''Oestrus'' (Botfly, botflies), ''Tipula'' (Crane fly, crane flies), ''Musca'' (Housefly, house flies), ''Tabanus'' (Horse-fly, horse flies), ''Culex'' (mosquitoes), ''Empis'' (Empididae, dance flies), ''Conops'' (Conopidae, thick-headed flies), ''Asilus'' (Asilidae, robber flies), ''Bombylius'' (Bombyliidae, bee flies) & ''Hippobosca'' (Hippoboscidae, louse flies)
*Aptera: ''Lepisma'' (silverfish), ''Podura'' (springtails), ''Termes'' (termites), ''Pediculus'' (Louse, lice), ''Pulex'' (fleas), ''Acarus'' (mites & ticks), ''Phalangium'' (Opiliones, harvestmen), ''Aranea'' (spiders), ''Scorpio'' (scorpions), ''Cancer'' (crabs, lobsters and kin), ''Monoculus'' (water fleas & kin), ''Oniscus'' (Woodlouse, woodlice), ''Scolopendra'' (centipedes) & ''Julus'' (millipedes)
Vermes
Linnaeus described his "Vermes" as: "Animals of slow motion, soft substance, able to increase their bulk and restore parts which have been destroyed, extremely tenacious of life, and the inhabitants of moist places. Many of them are without a distinct head, and most of them without feet. They are principally distinguished by their tentacles (or feelers). By the Ancients they were not improperly called imperfect animals, as being destitute of ears, nose, head, eyes and legs; and are therefore totally distinct from Insects."
Linnaeus divided the "Vermes" based upon the structure of the body, into the following orders and genera:
*Intestina: ''Gordius'' (Nematomorpha, horsehair worms), ''Furia'', ''Lumbricus'' (earthworms), ''Ascaris'' (Ascaris, giant intestinal roundworms), ''Fasciola'' (liver flukes), ''Hirudo'' (leeches), ''Myxine'' (hagfishes), ''Teredo'' (shipworms)
*Mollusca: ''Limax'' (Slug, terrestrial slugs), ''Doris'' (Doris (gastropod), dorid nudibranchs), ''Tethys'' (Tethydidae, tethydid sea slugs), ''Nereis'' (Nereis, polychaete worms), ''Aphrodita'' (Sea mouse, sea mice), ''Lernaea'' (Lernaea, anchor worms), ''Priapus'' (Priapulida, priapulid worms & sea anemones), ''Scyllaea'' (Scyllaeidae, scyllaeid sea slugs), ''Holothuria'' (salps & Portuguese Man o' War), ''Triton'' (Triton (gastropod), triton shells), ''Sepia'' (octopuses, squids, & cuttlefishes), ''Medusa'' (jellyfishes), ''Asterias'' (starfishes), ''Echinus'' (sea urchins)
*Testacea: ''Chiton'' (chitons), ''Lepas'' (barnacles), ''Pholas'' (Pholadidae, piddocks & angelwings), ''Myes'' (Myidae, soft-shell clams), ''Solen'' (Solenidae, saltwater clams), ''Tellina'' (Tellinidae, tellinid shellfishes), ''Cardium'' (Cockle (bivalve), cockles), ''Donax'' (Donacidae, wedge shells), ''Venus'' (Veneridae, Venus clams), ''Spondylus'' (Spondylus, thorny oysters), ''Chama'' (Chamidae, jewel box shells), ''Arca'' (ark clams), ''Ostrea'' (Ostreidae, true oysters), ''Anomia'' (Anomiidae, saddle oysters), ''Mytilus'' (Mytilidae, saltwater mussels), ''Pinna'' (Pinnidae, pen shells), ''Argonauta'' (Argonaut (animal), paper nautiluses), ''Nautilus'' (nautiluses), ''Conus'' (Conus, cone snails), ''Cypraea'' (Cypraeidae, cowries), ''Bulla'' (Bulla (gastropod), bubble shells), ''Voluta'' (Volutidae, volutes), ''Buccinum'' (Buccinidae, true whelks), ''Strombus'' (Strombidae, true conches), ''Murex'' (Muricidae, murex snails), ''Trochus'' (Trochidae, top snails), ''Turbo'' (Turbinidae, turban snails), ''Helix'' (Helicidae, terrestrial snails), ''Neritha'' (Neritidae, nerites), ''Haliotis'' (abalones), ''Patella'' (Patellidae, true limpets and brachiopods), ''Dentalium'' (tusk shells), ''Serpula'' (Serpulidae, serpulid worms)
*Lithophyta: ''Tubipora'' (organ pipe corals), ''Millepora'' (fire corals), ''Madrepora'' (Scleractinia, stone corals)
*Zoophyta: ''Isis'' (Alcyonacea, soft corals), ''Gorgonia'' (Gorgonian, sea fans), ''Alcyonium'' (tunicates), ''Tubularia'' (Tubularia), ''Eschara'' (Bryozoa), ''Corallina'' (coralline algae), ''Sertularia'' (Bryozoa), ''Hydra (genus), Hydra'', ''Pennatula'' (sea pens), ''Taenia'' (tapeworms), ''Volvox''
Plants
The second volume, published in 1759, detailed the kingdom Plantae, in which Linnaeus included true plants, as well as fungus, fungi, algae and lichens. In addition to repeating the species he had previously listed in his '' Species Plantarum'' (1753), and those published in the intervening period, Linnaeus described several hundred new plant species. The species from ''Species Plantarum'' were numbered sequentially, while the new species were labelled with letters. Many were sent to Linnaeus by his correspondents overseas, including Johannes Burman and David de Gorter in South Africa, Patrick Browne (physician), Patrick Browne, Philip Miller and John Ellis (naturalist), John Ellis in America, Jean-François Séguier, Carlo Allioni and Casimir Christoph Schmidel in the Alps, Gorter and Johann Ernst Hebenstreit in the Orient, and François Boissier de Sauvages de Lacroix, Gerard and Barnadet Gabriel across Europe. New plant species described in the 10th edition of ' include:
*''Adiantum aethiopicum''
*''Allionia incarnata''
*''Alyssum alyssoides''
*''Amaranthus albus''
*''Amaranthus cruentus''
*''Amaranthus gangeticus''
*''Amyris elemifera''
*''Anacamptis papilionacea''
*''Anacamptis sancta''
*''Apocynum androsaemifolium''
*''Arbutus andrachne''
*''Batis maritima''
*''Brassia caudata''
*''Bucida buceras''
*''Calycanthus floridus''
*''Campanula barbata''
*''Carex capitata''
*''Carex distans''
*''Carpobrotus edulis''
*''Catharanthus roseus''
*''Cecropia peltata''
*''Cedrela odorata''
*''Chromolaena odorata''
*''Chrysophyllum oliviforme''
*''Cissus sicyoides''
*''Coccoloba pubescens''
*''Coccoloba uvifera''
*''Cochlearia anglica''
*''Coilostylis ciliaris''
*''Cordyline fruticosa''
*''Croton glandulosus''
*''Cunila mariana''
*''Cunonia capensis''
*''Desmostachya bipinnata''
*''Dorstenia drakena''
*''Echinochloa colona''
*''Equisetum giganteum''
*''Excoecaria agallocha''
*''Genipa americana''
*''Geranium pusillum''
*''Goldenseal, Hydrastis canadensis''
*''Grias cauliflora''
*''Halesia carolina''
*''Heliotropium arborescens''
*''Heliotropium arborescens''
*''Hibiscus cannabinus''
*''Holcus mollis''
*''Illicium anisatum''
*''Inula spiraeifolia''
*''Ipomoea hederifolia''
*''Juglans cinerea''
*''Krameria ixine''
*''Lactuca canadensis''
*''Lagerstroemia indica''
*''Lamium orvala''
*''Lecythis ollaria''
*''Magnolia acuminata''
*''Magnolia grandiflora''
*''Magnolia tripetala''
*''Mucuna pruriens''
*''Oenothera perennis''
*''Paeonia tenuifolia''
*''Paspalum distichum''
*''Passiflora quadrangularis''
*''Pectis ciliaris''
*''Pectis linifolia''
*''Pedalium, Pedalium murex''
*''Persicaria perfoliata''
*''Phytolacca icosandra''
*''Poa palustris''
*''Polemonium reptans''
*''Polycarpon tetraphyllum''
*''Portlandia grandiflora''
*''Ranunculus parviflorus''
*''Reseda odorata''
*''Rheum palmatum''
*''Rosa pimpinellifolia''
*''Sagittaria lancifolia''
*''Salix retusa''
*''Saxifraga cuneifolia''
*''Scabiosa prolifera''
*''Sesuvium portulacastrum''
*''Silphium perfoliatum''
*''Talinum fruticosum''
*''Triplaris americana''
*''Tripsacum dactyloides''
*''Turbina corymbosa''
*''Ursinia anthemoides''
*''Veronica austriaca''
*''Zinnia peruviana''
References
External links
The original 1758 ''Systema Naturae''
at the Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL).
Linnaeus 1758 Classification of Animals on the ''Taxonomicon''
{{Authority control Systema Naturae Lists of animals 1758 books Botany books